Pamalo a Steel Structure Assembly + Integral Hoisting Construction Workflow + Mfundo Zofunikira

Chiyambi:Muzitsulo kapangidwe kamangidwe, "ground assembly + heavy-crane integral hoisting" (kusonkhanitsa nyumba yonse pansi ndikuikweza kuti ikhale ngati unit imodzi pogwiritsa ntchito makina olemera) ndi imodzi mwa njira zomangira zotsika mtengo, zotetezeka, komanso zoyendetsedwa bwino zomwe zilipo masiku ano.

Poyerekeza ndi "mkulu-apamwamba msonkhano lotayirira" (kusonkhanitsa zigawo chidutswa ndi chidutswa pamwamba mu mlengalenga), njira imeneyi kwambiri amachepetsa ntchito yoopsa pa msinkhu, amachepetsa kuwotcherera chilema, ndi bwino amazilamulira mapindikidwe structural. Komabe, pamafunika kukonzekera kokhazikika kwa malo, kukhazikitsidwa kwa jig kolondola kwambiri, kuwerengera mozama uinjiniya, komanso kusaina ndi kulamula kopanda cholakwika.

Pansipa pali kalozera waukadaulo wokwanira komanso wokhazikika waPamalo zitsulo kapangidwekusonkhanitsa ndi kukweza kophatikizika - kopangidwa ndi mayendedwe omveka bwino komanso othandiza, zofunikira zaukadaulo kuti zitheke mosavuta.

I. Chidule Chachidule cha Njira Yomanga

Zolinga za Kayendedwe ka Ntchito Yomanga: Kupangira zida zazitsulo m'mafakitole → Kusonkhanitsira pamalopo pa jigs → Kuwongolera zowotcherera, kuyang'ana kwa weld (NDT) & kukhudza kupendekera → Kukwezera chinthu chimodzi pamalo → Kukonza ndi kuyanjanitsa kwamapangidwe.

Ubwino waukulu

•  Ntchito Yokhazikika Pansi Ponse: Zochita zazikulu zimachitikira pansi, kuchepetsa kwambiri kugwa ndi zoopsa za pamtunda.

•  Ubwino Wolamulirika: Kuphatikiza, kuwotcherera, ndi kuyanika kumachitika pamalo okhazikika, ofikika, kuonetsetsa kulondola kwapamwamba komanso kokongola.

•  Kumanga Bwino Kwambiri: Kuwotchera ndi kubolita kwapamwamba kumachepetsedwa, zomwe zimafulumizitsa kwambiri ntchito yomanga.

Zolepheretsa

• Malo a Msonkhano Waukulu Wofunika: Pamafunika malo otakasuka, osalala, komanso ong'ambika bwino kuti asonkhanitse pamalopo.

• Zida Zolemera & Macheke Okhwima: Pamafunika makina onyamulira matani okwera kwambiri komanso mawerengedwe okhwima a uinjiniya kuti anyamule komanso mphamvu yonyamula nthaka.

Zochitika Zoyenera

Ntchito yomanga zitsulo zotseguka, monga zitsulo zazitali zazikulu, ma module a zitsulo zapadenga, mafelemu azitsulo amitundu yambiri, ndi magulu opangira zitsulo zolemera kwambiri.

II. Malizitsani Standardized Construction Workflow

Mayendedwe Okhazikika: Kukonzekera Kwazomanga → Kuyika Patsamba & Kuphatikizika → Kukhazikitsa kwa Jig & Kuvomereza → Kulandila Kwagawo & Kuyang'ananso → Msonkhano Wapamtunda → Ntchito Zowotcherera → Kuyesa kwa Weld (NDT) & Anti-Corrosion Paint Touch-up → Kukweza Lug & Rigging Setup → Kuyesa Kuyesa Kukweza Kusintha Kwabwino & Kukonzekera Kwakanthawi → Kuyang'ananso Nkhwangwa za Gridi & Kukwezeka → Kulumikizana Kwamuyaya & Kukhazikika → Kuchotsa Kuchotsa → Kuvomereza Pulojekiti → Kuchotsa Msonkhano wa Jig

1. Kukonzekera Kwamayambiriro Oyambirira (Njira Yovuta Kwambiri)

Ngati kukonzekera koyambirira sikuli kokwanira, zinthu monga kupindika kwa kamangidwe, kugubuduza, kapena zolakwika zamtundu uliwonse zitha kuchitika pomanga ndi kukweza. Yang'anani kwambiri pa ntchito zazikuluzikulu zinayi izi:

•  Konzani Choyamba: Konzani ndondomeko yokhazikika yokwezera. Paziwopsezo zazikulu, zowopsa kwambiri, kuunikanso kwa akatswiri ndi kuvomereza kovomerezeka ndikofunikira. Malizitsani kuwerengera kwatsatanetsatane kwazomwe zimagwirira ntchito pa crane, kupsinjika kwa mamembala, mphamvu yonyamulira pansi, ndi malo onyamulira.

• Kutsimikizira Kwazinthu & Document: Yang'anani ziphaso za fakitale za conformity, malipoti a mill test (MTR), malekodi a fakitale non-destructive test (NDT), ndi mapepala otsimikizira dimensional. Kuletsa mosamalitsa zigawo zilizonse zosagwirizana kuti zilowe pamalo ogwirira ntchito.

•  Kukonzekera Kwamapangidwe a Tsamba: Sankhani momveka bwino madera osiyana osungiramo zinthu, ntchito yapansi panthaka, ndi malo a crane travel/outrigger. Pamaziko a nthaka yofewa, fukula ndikusintha ndikuyikapo zolimba kumbuyo, zolimba, ndi konza/umitsa nthaka pasadakhale.

•  Chidziwitso Chokhudza Chitetezo cha Anthu: Owotcherera, opanga ma crane, ma siginali, ndi makina oyeserera akuyenera kukhala ndi ziphaso zovomerezeka. Chitani mwachidule zachitetezo chokwanira komanso zaukadaulo kwa ogwira ntchito onse, kufotokozera udindo wamunthu payekha komanso zoletsa chitetezo.

2. Kukonzekera kwa Jig Assembly ndi Kuvomereza

Gulu la msonkhano (chithunzi chothandizira pansi) ndi chofunikira kuti msonkhano ukhale wolondola. Kusonkhana wamba kapena kutsika, zomangira zokhazikika ndizoletsedwa!

•  Gwiritsani Ntchito Chitsulo Chokhazikika: Pangani zitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito zigawo zazitsulo zokhazikika m'dziko lonselo kuti mutsimikizire kulimba kokwanira ndi kukhazikika, kupewa kukhazikika pansi, kupotokola, kapena kugwedezeka mukatsegula.

•  Kukhazikitsa ndi Maonekedwe Olondola: Yambani mizere yolondola molondola; lamulirani mosamalitsa nkhwangwa za grid, kukwera, ndi kusanja. Pazigawo zazikuluzikulu, pangani mu pre-camber (njira yokhota mmwamba mwadala) molingana ndi kapangidwe kake kuti muthane ndi kutsika kwamtsogolo pansi pazantchito.

•  Kuyendera Mwakhama & Kusaina: Kuyang'ana mwapadera kuyenera kuchitidwa mukamaliza kukonza jig. Lembani ndi kusungitsa miyeso yonse ya dimensional, kukwera, ndi kusalala. Jig ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pokhapokha mutachoka

3. Kupereka Kwagawo ndi Msonkhano Wapansi

Kumanga pansi ndiye njira yofunika kwambiri pakuwongolera mtundu wonse wamapangidwe. Kuwongolera molondola ndikofunikira:

•  Kuwunika kwa Zigawo Zolowera: Yang'anani gawo lililonse mukafika kuti muwone mawonekedwe, kusintha kwa sitima, zokutira zodzitchinjiriza, ndi kuyika mabowo a bawuti. Wongolani ndi kukonza zolakwika zilizonse zazing'ono musanasonkhene.

•  Jig Positioning & Adjustment: Mukatha kukhala pansi pa jig, gwiritsani ntchito ma hydraulic jacks ndi zingwe za guy kuti muwongolere bwino komanso kuwongolera mosamalitsa utali, mizere yopingasa, kukwera, kusiyana kwa mizu (malo olumikizirana olumikizana), ndi kuwongolera molunjika.

•  Kuwotcherera kwa Tack ndi Certified Welders: Owotcherera ovomerezeka ayenera kuwotchera ma tack (zowotcherera kwakanthawi). Kutalika kwa ma weld ndi kukula kwa mwendo wa fillet kuyenera kukwaniritsa miyezo yaukadaulo, kupewa porosity, ming'alu, ndi zolakwika zina zowotcherera.

•  Symmetrical Welding & Stress Relief: Welding formal sayenera kutsata mfundo za "symmetrical welding" ndi "back-step welding" (kuwotcherera m'magawo afupiafupi) kuti muchepetse kupsinjika kwa kutentha ndi kuchepetsa warping. Kwa mbale zokhuthala zachitsulo, tsatirani mosamala kutentha kwa preheating ndi interpass kutentha.

•  Kutsimikizira Pambuyo pa Msonkhano: Mukamaliza kusonkhanitsa, yesaninso kukula, kufunikira kwa camber, ndi kuongoka kwa mbali kuti mutsimikize kuti anthu akutsatiradi makhodi a uinjiniya ndi zojambulajambula.

4. Weld Kuyendera ndi Anti-Corrosion Paint Kukhudza-mmwamba

•  Mayeso Osawononga (NDT): Perform Ultrasonic Testing (UT) kapena Radiographic Testing (RT) malinga ndi kamangidwe kake. Weld iliyonse yosagwirizana iyenera kutulutsidwa, kuwotchereranso, ndikuyesedwanso mpaka 100% iyenerere.

•  Kutsuka ndi Kupentanso Weld: Pogaya mfundo zokokedwa bwino, chotsani dzimbiri, slag, ndi phalaphala, ndipo ikani msanga zofananira zothana ndi dzimbiri ndi topcoat kuti mutsimikize kuti zokutira zotetezedwa mosalekeza.

•  Kuteteza Pamwamba: Tetezani molumikizana mwamphamvu kwambiri ndi bolt, mabowo a bawuti, ndi zigawo zomalizidwa za penti ku ma weld spatter, kuipitsidwa ndi girisi/mafuta, ndi kukwapula kwa makina.

5. Mfundo Zokwezera ndi Kusankha Rigging

Core Lifting Safety Lamulo: Osasintha malo onyamulira popanda chilolezo, osasakaniza zitsulo zosagwirizana, ndipo musalole kuti zigawo zake zikhale zosayenera.

•  Gwiritsani Ntchito Zonyamulira Zopangidwira: Nthawi zonse muzigwiritsa ntchito zikwama zonyamulira zomwe zidapangidwiratu, zopangidwa ndi fakitale (pad maso). Kuwotcherera kosavomerezeka pamalo kapena kubowola mabowo pokweza malo mongoyembekezera ndikoletsedwa. Ma welds onse okweza ma lug ayenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi 100% NDT.

•  Kuwerengetsera Kuthekera kwa Kuyikira: Sankhani zingwe zachitsulo, maunyolo, ndi masiling'i onyamulira potengera katundu wowerengeredwa, kuphatikizira zinthu zoteteza katundu. Kuchulukitsa ndikoletsedwa.

• Zoteteza Pamakona: Ikani zoteteza pamakona (zofewa/zoteteza m'mphepete) pamakona onse akuthwa ndi m'mbali mwa zitsulo kuti zingwe zisamadulidwe kapena kuwonongeka.

• Kulimbitsa Kwakanthawi: Onjezani ma bracing struts/mamembala akanthawi kuti achepetseko pang'ono kapena amipanda yopyapyala (monga ma trusses aatali) kuti mupewe kupindika, kugwedera, kapena kupotokola kwanuko panthawi yokweza.

6. Kuyesa Kukweza Mayeso (Sayenera Kudumphidwa)

Kukweza koyeserera ndiye chotchinga chomaliza chodzitchinjiriza ku ngozi zonyamula.

•  Nyamulani ndi Kugwedezeka: Kwezani pang'onopang'ono chinthucho 200–300 mm kuchoka pa jig yolumikizira, ndipo muyiimitse mmwamba kwa mphindi 5 mpaka 10.

• Kuyendera Mwachindunji: Yang'anani mozama: mmene zinthu zilili pamalo onyamulira, kupindika, kutembenuka kwa mamembala onse ndi kwanuko, kukhazikika kwa crane, kukhazikika kwapansi pansi, ndi zosokoneza kapena kusokonekera kulikonse.

•  Kuchepetsa Kusazolowereka Mwamsanga: Ngati phokoso lachilendo, kusokonekera, kapena kukhazikika kwa nthaka mopitirira muyeso, tsitsani mbaliyo pa jig nthawi yomweyo. Kukwezera mwachisawawa kutha kupitilira pambuyo povomerezeka.

7. Kukweza Pagulu Lonse, Kuyika, ndi Kutetezedwa Kwakanthawi

•  Kusainira Kwa Munthu Mmodzi Wogwirizana: Zochita ziyenera kuyendetsedwa ndi wolamulira mmodzi yemwe wasankhidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma sigino okhazikika pamanja ndi mawu olamula. Kuzindikiritsa anthu angapo komanso kuchita chipwirikiti ndikoletsedwa.

•  Kuyenda Kosalala kwa Crane: Kukweza, kugwetsa (kugwedezeka), ndi luffing (boom derricking) kuyenera kukhala kosalala komanso kodekha nthawi yonseyi. Pewani kuyima modzidzimutsa, kutembenukira chakuthwa, kapena kugwedezeka. Ogwira ntchito pansi ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mizere yolembera (zingwe zowongolera) kuti akhazikitse momwe gawolo likuyendera komanso kupewa kugundana ndi zida zomwe zilipo kale.

•  Kuyika & Thandizo Losakhalitsa Pakanthawi: Mukakhala pazithandizo zokhazikika, konzani bwino ma axes a gridi, kukwera, ndi kusamalitsa koyima. Nthawi yomweyo yikani ma struts osakhalitsa ndikumangitsa zingwe za anyamata.

•  Core Safety Red Line: Osamasula mbeza ya crane mpakazitsulo kapangidweamapanga dongosolo lokhazikika, lodzithandizira lokha.

8. Kugwirizana Kwamuyaya ndi Ntchito Zomaliza

•  Kumangirira Kwamphamvu Kwambiri Choyamba: Yang'anani patsogolo kumangirira kwa bawuti kolimba kwambiri. Tsatirani mosamalitsa kutsata kwa magawo awiri: "Kulimbitsa Koyamba → Kulimbitsa Kwama Torque". Chongani bawuti iliyonse momveka bwino mukalimbitsa komaliza kuti mupewe mabawuti ophonya, omasuka, kapena opindika kwambiri.

• On-Site Splice Welding: Chitani zowotcherera pa siteti butt ndi splice mu multi-pass layers, ndi kuyesa kosawononga (NDT) mukamaliza.

•  Kuyesanso Kwamapangidwe Konsekonse: Yesaninso kukula, kukwera, ndi kucheuka konse. Mukatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi wovomerezeka, masulani mosamala zida zonyamulira, zothandizira kwakanthawi, ndi jig yapansi.

•  Kukonza Coating & Handover: Gwiritsirani ntchito zokutira zonse zowonongeka zokana dzimbiri ndi zosayaka moto m'madera okhudzidwa kuti mumalize kuyikapo.

III. Kusamala Kwambiri Patsamba (Zovuta Zofunika Kuzipewa)

1. Mfundo Zowongolera Ubwino wa Msonkhano

•  Solid Jig Foundation: Pansi pansi pa jig iyenera kukhala yolimba, yophatikizika, komanso yosalala. Ntchito ya msonkhano imaletsedwa pa nthaka yofewa kapena pansi pamadzi nthawi yamvula kuti mupewe kukhazikika kosagwirizana.

•  Kulamulira Kwambiri Kwambiri: Konzani bwino pre-camber (mwadala wokhotakhota mmwamba) kwa mamembala akuluakulu molingana ndi mapangidwe ake. Yang'ananinso miyeso isanayambe kapena itatha kuti musagwere pansi mutatha kuima.

• Ziletso Zowotcherera Zanyengo Zazikulu: Siyaninso kuwotcherera panja pamphepo yamphamvu, mvula, matalala, kapena kuzizira. Onetsetsani kuti zitsulo zonyowa zawumitsidwa bwino ndi nyale zowotchera musanayambitsenso kuwotcherera.

•  Tetezani Malo Olimbana ndi Maboti Amphamvu Kwambiri: Tetezani mozama pamalo omwe agwedezeka. Kupera, kuipitsidwa ndi mafuta, kapena kuwotcha kwa weld spatter ndikoletsedwa, kuwonetsetsa kuti slip coefficient ikugwirizana ndi uinjiniya.

2. Kuvomerezedwa Kukweza Chitetezo Mizere Yofiira

•  Zoletsa Nyengo: Kukwera ndi koletsedwa m'mwamba pa mphepo yamphamvu ya Force 6 ndi kupitirira apo (liwiro la mphepo ≥ 10.8 m/s), chifunga chambiri, mvula yamphamvu, kapena kuwala kwausiku sikukwanira.

• Crane Outrigger Support: Crane outriggers ayenera kukhala ndi zitsulo zokhuthala zogawira zitsulo pamalo olimba, otsimikizirika kuti apewe kugunda kwa crane kapena kuboola kwambiri.

• Malo Opatula Okhazikika Otetezedwa: Khazikitsani chotchinga cholimba ndi kumveketsa bwino zoni yopatula mkati mwa mtunda wogwirira ntchito wa crane. Ogwira ntchito osaloledwa amaletsedwa kulowa, kudutsa, kapena kukhala m'deralo.

•  Kuyendera Pre-Shift Rigging: Yang'anani zida zonse zokwezera, zida zomangira, ndi zingwe zamawaya nthawi iliyonse yantchito isanakwane. Bwezerani nthawi yomweyo ngati zingwe za waya zosweka, kuvala kwambiri, kapena ma kinks/zopindika zikupitilira malire ololedwa.

3. Zowopsa Zodziwika ndi Njira Zopewera

•  Kusintha Kwakatundu Kwambiri: Khazikitsanitu kachipangizo kamangidwe, onjezani zida zolimbikitsira kwakanthawi, tsatirani ma symmetrical welding, ndikuyang'anirani zonse zonyamula katundu.

• Kulephera Kukweza Lug: Pangani mapangidwe apadera onyamulira zikwama, onetsetsani kuti zowotcherera zolowera monse ndi 100% NDT kuyang'anitsitsa, ndikuletsani zonyamulira zosavomerezeka zosavomerezeka.

•  Crane Ground Settlement kapena Tipping: Tsimikizirani ndi kuumitsa nthaka pasadakhale, ikani zitsulo zolemera kwambiri pansi pa zozimitsira moto, ndi kuyang'anira malo pamene mukukweza.

•  Kusakhazikika Kwamapangidwe Pambuyo Pakuyika: Ikani mwachangu zingwe zamtundu ndi ma struts osakhalitsa, tsatirani mfundo iyi: "Musamatulutse mbeza ya crane musanatetezedwe."

•  Substandard High-Strength Bolting: Tetezani kwambiri malo okhudzana ndi mikangano, gwiritsani ntchito njira zomangitsa ma torque, ndipo fufuzani ndi kuyika chizindikiro bawuti iliyonse ikamaliza.

IV. Chidule

Cholinga chachikulu cha kasamalidwe kapa malo zitsulo kapangidwe msonkhanondi kukweza kophatikizika kungafotokozedwe mwachidule monga: kusonkhana pansi molondola, kuwongolera kolimba kwa jig, kuwerengera molimba mtima, kukweza kosalala komanso kosasunthika, osatulutsa mbedza musanayambe kupeza.

Poyang'anira mosamalitsa zipilala zinayi zofunika kwambiri - khalidwe la jig, kuwotcherera, kukweza katundu, ndi kukhazikika kwa kanthaŵi kochepa - zowonongeka zambiri zomangamanga ndi ngozi zachitetezo zingathe kupewedwa, kupereka njira yotetezeka, yodalirika, komanso yothandiza pa zomangamanga zazikuluzikulu zazitsulo.